![]() In this study, we first characterize the phenotypes of three tree species grown on varying. RNAseq has been used in various experiments to study changes in the plant transcriptome under experimental conditions. The relationship between nitrogen availability and source and its effect on secondary growth is less well characterized. Nitrogen greatly affects primary plant growth and development. Environmental and economic aspects are also considered. Nitrogen export levels were fairly predictable and the synthesis presented here can be used to refine current guidelines. ![]() While no clear pattern in N dosage response was observed, the level of yield response was correlated with geographic and climatic variables. Overall the majority of responses to fertilization were positive, although variation by species, N source material and crop age were found. A meta‐analysis was conducted on studies comparing synthetic or organic sources of N willow fertilization to an unfertilized control treatment to test for yield response. Data from the literature were collected and summarized in order to test for significant sources of variation in willow biomass nitrogen (N) pools of common SRC genotypes used in North American and European research programs. This review is intended to provide a quantitative examination of the effect of fertilization treatments on willow biomass yield in field conditions. Inconsistency in the results of individual research trials has likely been a driver of repeated experimentation. One area of constant focus has been the nutritional requirements for optimal growth and yield. Sustained interest in producing renewable energy from dedicated woody biomass crops, such as shrub willow (Salix spp.), through short‐rotation coppice (SRC) has resulted in a substantial amount of published research on SRC over the past few decades. We discuss key needs for new research, and how new knowledge of wood formation can play a role in the conservation of forests under threat by climate change. In this review, we provide an overview of how trees conduct water, and how trees modify wood development to affect water conduction properties in response to drought. This modification of wood development can be seen in tree rings where not only the amount of wood but also the morphology of the water‐conducting cells are modified in response to environmental conditions. Wood is the water‐conducting tissue of tree stems, and trees modify wood development to create anatomical features and hydraulic properties that can mitigate drought stress. Summary Drought is a recurrent stress to forests, causing periodic forest mortality with enormous economic and environmental costs. Understanding the biological processes that enable trees to modify wood development to mitigate the adverse effects of drought will be crucial for the development of successful strategies for future forest management and conservation. Drought has also induced acute pine tree mortality across east‐central China, and across extensive areas in southwest China. For example, recent droughts in California and Texas killed approximately 129 million and 300 million trees, respectively. Recent surges in drought‐associated forest tree mortality have been documented worldwide. Societal Impact Statement Drought plays a conspicuous role in forest mortality, and is expected to become more severe in future climate scenarios. Here, we provide an overview of our current understanding of how abiotic stress factors affect wood formation on the molecular level focussing on the genes that have been identified in these processes. Many traits, such as vessel frequency and size, fiber thickness and density change in response to different environmental stimuli. Thus, it is essential to understand the process of wood formation in trees under stress. ![]() Because of global climate change, more drastic and sudden changes in temperature and longer periods without precipitation are expected to impact tree productivity in the near future. Plants as sessile organisms face a multitude of abiotic stresses, e.g., heat, drought, salinity and limiting nutrient availability that require them to adjust their wood structure to maintain stability and water conductivity. Over recent decades, our understanding of the cellular processes of wood formation (xylogenesis) has substantially increased. ![]() Wood, also designated as secondary xylem, is the major structure that gives trees and other woody plants stability for upright growth and maintains the water supply from the roots to all other plant tissues. ![]()
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